The analysis of foreign scientific editions is presented in article on modern medico-biological aspects of training and competitive activity. The most significant data and tendencies of application of medico-biological technologies in training process of elite athletes are allocated. Scientists pay the main attention to prevention of injuries and diseases, a competitive stress, diagnostics of a functional condition of systems of an organism. Features of urgent and long-term adaptation, and also physiological predictors of special efficiency of athletes of different types of sports are defined.